Occupation description and WSOS
The name of the skill competition is
Description of the associated work role(s) or occupation(s)
A bench joiner, or joiner, generally works on commercial and residential projects. There is a direct relationship between the nature and quality of the product required and the payment made by the customer. Therefore, the joiner has a continuing responsibility to work professionally in order to meet the requirements of the customer and thus maintain and grow the business. Joinery is associated with carpentry plus other parts of the construction industry and with the many products that support it, normally for commercial purposes.
The joiner is usually based in a workshop because the formation of various joints requires specialist machinery but sometimes undertakes installations in the homes of customers and on building sites. They produce and interpret drawings, set out and measure, cut, form joints, assemble, install, and finish to a high standard. The joiner usually produces items such as interior and exterior doors, windows and stairs. They also construct and install components that are seen on the inside and outside of residential or commercial buildings.
Work organization, self-management, communication, and interpersonal skills are integral parts of this occupation’s skill set, together with problem solving, innovation and creativity. The ability to work precisely and accurately are fundamental attributes of an outstanding practitioner. Whether the joiner is working alone or in a team, they take on a high level of personal responsibility and autonomy. Safety awareness is a vital attribute. Every step in the process matters; mistakes may be largely irreversible and could carry a very high cost. A joiner must demonstrate exceptional planning skills, along with stamina and the concentration to focus on detail in order to achieve an excellent finish. They must use standard business equipment and software and have the technological skills to use digital instruments such as GPS location devices, laser levels, electronic distance measurement devices and digital callipers. They may also use specialist construction CAD software and project management (BIM) software.
The qualities of an outstanding joiner may be demonstrated wherever wood is used for installations, fixtures and fittings and there is an accessible supply of timber, wood, and wood products. Therefore, with the international mobility of people, the joiner faces rapidly expanding opportunities and challenges. For the talented joiner there are many commercial and international opportunities; however, these carry with them the need to understand and work with diverse cultures and trends. The diversity of skills associated with joinery is therefore likely to expand.
The WorldSkills Occupational Standards (WSOS)
General notes on the WSOS
The WSOS specifies the knowledge, understanding, skills, and capabilities that underpin international best practice in technical and vocational performance. These are both specific to an occupational role and also transversal. Together they should reflect a shared global understanding of what the associated work role(s) or occupation(s) represent for industry and business (www.worldskills.org/WSOS).
The skill competition is intended to reflect international best practice as described by the WSOS, to the extent that it can. The Standard is therefore a guide to the required training and preparation for the skill competition.
In the skill competition the assessment of knowledge and understanding will take place through the assessment of performance. There will only be separate tests of knowledge and understanding where there is an overwhelming reason for these.
The Standard is divided into distinct sections with headings and reference numbers added.
Each section is assigned a percentage of the total marks to indicate its relative importance within the Standards. This is often referred to as the “weighting”. The sum of all the percentage marks is 100. The weightings determine the distribution of marks within the Marking Scheme.
Through the Test Project, the Marking Scheme will assess only those skills and capabilities that are set out in the WorldSkills Occupational Standards. They will reflect the Standards as comprehensively as possible within the constraints of the skill competition.
The Marking Scheme will follow the allocation of marks within the Standards to the extent practically possible. A variation of up to five percent is allowed, if this does not distort the weightings assigned by the Standards.
WorldSkills Occupational Standards
Section |
Relative importance (%) |
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1
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Work organization and management
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5
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| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- How a safe, well-organized workspace supports precision, focus, and quality
- How unsafe practices damage materials, tools, or finished products
- The expectations for high-end workmanship, including fine finishes, clean joints, and attention to detail
- The effect of dust, clutter, and poor tool storage on safety and finish quality
- How to organize tools, materials, and work areas for efficiency and safety
- That sharp, clean, and well-maintained tools produce accurate and safer results
- How to protect materials during movement, assembly, and finishing
- How poor time management leads to rushed and unsafe work
- How to structure work efficiently to maintain both safety and quality
- The importance of clear communication to avoid mistakes and hazards
- The link between mutual respect, professionalism, and quality
- The link between self-management, a sense of responsibility, safety, and quality
- That a high-end result reflects care, pride, and attention at every stage.
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The individual shall be able to:
- Keep tools, cables, and materials organized to reduce hazards and enable clean, accurate work
- Clean work surfaces regularly to avoid contamination by finishes or adhesives
- Operate all hand and power tools following safety protocols and high precision
- Perform regular maintenance checks and sharpening to ensure quality output
- Use appropriate pads, blankets, or edge protectors to avoid damage to surfaces
- Lift, move, and clamp materials properly to prevent chips, dents, or misalignment
- Follow job specifications exactly, checking measurements, squareness, and alignment throughout
- Avoid shortcuts that compromise either safety or final finish
- Spot potential defects or risks before they affect quality
- Proactive correct problems without delaying the project or lowering standards
- Stick to agreed methods, sequences, and standards to ensure professional outcomes
- Double-check assemblies, joints, and finishes before final approval
- Be punctual, dependable, and cooperative throughout each project
- Show pride in producing work that reflects premium craftsmanship.
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|
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2
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Communication and interpersonal skills
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5
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| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- The roles, responsibilities and requirements of associated trades and professions
- Methods of communicating with other trades and professions
- The standard terminology for the construction and business environment
- Principles and techniques for building and maintaining productive relationships with others
- The digital environment for general and specific business communications
- The importance of establishing and maintaining confidence and trust with the employer, suppliers, and associated trade professionals
- The importance of swiftly resolving misunderstandings and conflicting demands
- Reporting principles and methods.
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Visualize and translate customers’ wishes, giving advice and making recommendations/providing options which meet/improve the design requirements
- Discuss tasks, responsibilities, and safety measures clearly with team members
- Ask for clarification or assistance when needed to maintain both safety and finish quality
- Positively support and lead decision-making where appropriate
- Liaise with suppliers to negotiate prices and place orders
- Produce cost and time estimates
- Introduce related trades and professions to support customers’ requirements
- Recognize, respect, and adapt to the changing needs of associated professions and trades
- Communicate clearly with others generally and where drawings, variations to documents, and work restrictions are required
- Follow instructions, meet deadlines and report on progress in the appropriate format
- Interact with the relevant parties in construction projects
- Use standard digital communication tools and methods as required in the work environment
- Use additional digital communications where these aid efficiency and effectiveness
- Maintain meaningful reports and records for oneself and others.
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3
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Interpretation of drawings and instructions
|
10
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| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- Standard drawing symbols, abbreviations, and terminology used in construction/joinery drawings
- Line types (e.g. hidden lines, centre lines, dimension lines)
- different drawing scales and how to interpret measurements accurately
- How to recognise and interpret tolerances and allowances specified in the drawings
- First-angle and third-angle projection systems
- How to visualise 2D views (plan, elevation, section) as a 3D object
- How to interpret written instructions and notes accompanying drawings (e.g. material types, finishes, fasteners)
- Timber types, grades, and their appropriate uses
- Various construction methods shown in drawings (e.g. mortise and tenon, dovetail joints, dowelling)
- Methods of assembly, fixing, and installation specified in plans
- Safety notes and symbols included in technical drawings
- Relevant building codes, standards, and compliance requirements that may be referenced
- How to interpret site plans or room layouts in context with the joinery work
- Location-specific details such as levels, clearances, or environmental exposure.
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Extract all necessary information (dimensions, materials, techniques) from 2D or 3D technical drawings
- Complete 1:1 drawing for referencing if required in high detail joint construction
- Cross-reference multiple sheets or views to build a full understanding of each job
- Mark out, cut, and assemble components to the exact specifications shown in the drawing
- Ensure all work matches design intent, including joints, finishes, and fitting
- Ask questions or seek clarification from designers, supervisors, or clients if drawings are unclear or inconsistent
- Provide feedback on potential issues or improvements during interpretation
- Select appropriate tools or machinery based on the material and design detail
- Set up and operate tools according to dimensions and angles specified
- Sequence tasks logically based on drawings and instructions
- Allocate materials and resources efficiently to meet drawing requirements
- Check completed work against the drawing and instructions for accuracy and completeness
- Adjust or correct any discrepancies
- Work independently with minimal supervision using the drawing as the primary guide
- Collaborate effectively with team members to interpret and apply complex drawing sets.
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4
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Selection of timber and material
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5
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| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- The difference between hardwoods and softwoods, including common species (e.g. oak, pine, beech, ash)
- Grain structure, colour, and workability of different timbers
- Environmental standards, regulations, and requirements
- How to recognise sustainable and certified timber sources (e.g. FSC-certified)
- The use of engineered timber as an alternative to natural timber
- Moisture content and how it affects expansion, shrinkage, and stability
- The strength, durability, and wear resistance of different timbers
- What natural defects (e.g. knots, shakes, splits) look like, and how they impact usability
- Which materials are appropriate for specific environments (e.g. interior vs exterior use)
- Which timbers are suitable for structural instead of decorative applications
- How to identify appropriate finishes or treatments needed for longevity and appearance
- The characteristics of MDF, plywood, chipboard, OSB, etc.
- The advantages and limitations of each type of board
- Appropriate uses for manufactured boards (e.g. cabinet carcasses, panelling)
- Which adhesives and fasteners work best with specific timbers and boards
- How material selection can affect bonding or fixing methods
- Toxicity, VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), and other safety considerations with treated or manufactured materials
- How to handle and store different timber types safely and correctly
- The financial impact of selecting different timbers or materials.
- Local availability and lead times.
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Choose timber or materials based on client requirements, environmental conditions, and functional needs
- Source and select engineered timber as an alternative to natural timber
- Use glue laminated timber across board width or length in place of raw timber
- Use mixed product material in place of raw timber and wood-based product (veneered) sheet materials
- Match material selection with intended finish (e.g. paint, varnish, natural oil)
- Visually and physically assess timber species and quality
- Identify potential defects or weaknesses in boards and select the best pieces
- Read and apply material specifications from drawings or job sheets
- Produce detailed rod boards as appropriate to meets the specification
- Produce detailed cutting lists to meet the specification
- Choose timber grade and type as each project requires
- Check moisture content using a moisture meter
- Cut and condition materials appropriately before use
- Use tools and machinery suited to the material type (e.g. harder blades for dense hardwoods)
- Apply correct machining techniques depending on grain direction, density, or resin content
- Stack and store materials to prevent warping or damage
- Maintain appropriate conditions for material longevity (e.g. dry, well-ventilated storage)
- Prepare surfaces based on the type of timber selected
- Apply stains, sealants, or preservatives in line with the material's properties and end use.
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5
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Detailed joint construction
|
20
|
| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- The names, functions, and characteristics of common joints (e.g. mortise and tenon, dovetail, lap joints, mitres)
- The purpose of mechanical instead of non-mechanical joints (e.g. glue-only joints instead of screws and dowels)
- Where and why specific joints are used based on strength, appearance, and function
- Which joints are appropriate for structural applications rather than decorative or temporary joins
- How wood movement affects joint performance (e.g. expansion and shrinkage)
- How to ensure tight-fitting, square, and aligned joints
- How to reinforce joints for strength and durability (e.g. biscuits, dowels, splines)
- How different types of timber or boards affect the performance of joints
- Which adhesives and fixings suit each joint and material type
- Which hand tools and machines are used for cutting, forming, and assembling joints
- The safe operation and maintenance of joinery tools (e.g. chisels, routers, tenoners)
- Acceptable tolerances and quality standards in professional joinery
- How to inspect joints for fit, finish, and strength
- How to visualise joint details from 2D and 3D technical drawings
- Joint placement and orientation within overall assembly.
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Choose appropriate joints based on load-bearing needs, design, and material type
- Balance aesthetics and functionality when selecting joint styles
- Mark materials accurately using gauges, squares, and rules
- Use templates or jigs for consistent and repeatable joint layouts
- Use hand tools and/or machines to cut joints to tight tolerances
- Produce clean, square, and even cuts for strong, neat assembly
- Fit joints together accurately, using adhesives or fixings as needed
- Clamp and allow for curing/drying times where adhesives are used
- Test assembled joints for square, flush fit, and overall integrity
- Sand, trim, or adjust joints to meet finished tolerances and appearance
- Identify common issues like gaps, misalignment, or weak bonds
- Make corrective actions without compromising final quality
- Keep tools in optimal condition for accurate joint work (e.g. sharp chisels, tuned planes)
- Care for tools as part of producing consistent high-quality joints.
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6
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High work quality
|
20
|
| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- That accurate measurements and cuts are essential for functionality, appearance, and structural integrity
- How small errors can affect the overall quality and fit of joinery components
- How to use measuring tools (e.g. steel rule, tape measure, callipers) with precision
- How to transfer and mark measurements accurately using marking gauges, squares, and templates
- The required tolerances for different types of joints and assemblies
- How to apply allowances for expansion, contraction, and fitting (e.g. scribing to walls)
- Surface preparation techniques including planing, sanding, and edge treatment
- The requirements for high-quality finishes: smoothness, cleanliness, and readiness for coating or fitting
- Industry standards for quality in joinery, including fit, alignment, finish, and durability
- Client/company expectations and specifications for premium workmanship
- How to inspect work at various stages (before assembly, post-assembly, pre-installation)
- How to identify and prevent common quality issues (e.g. tear-out, misalignment, glue stains)
- The importance of correctly set and maintained machinery for consistent accuracy
- How tool sharpness and calibration affect work quality.
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Take precise measurements and transfer them accurately
- Use layout tools to achieve consistent and repeatable results
- Make clean, accurate cuts using appropriate tools and machines
- Minimize waste and errors by working to exact dimensions
- Fit joints and components tightly, squarely, and flush
- Achieve symmetry, alignment, and balance in all joinery assemblies
- Prepare surfaces thoroughly for finishing without scratches, dents, or glue marks
- Apply coatings or treatments evenly
- Identify flaws or defects early and correct them before final assembly
- Ensure all completed work meets the required visual and functional standards
- Maintain consistency of quality and precision when producing multiple components
- Ensure uniformity in matching parts
- Take pride in producing quality work that meets or exceeds expectations
- Be proactive in checking and improving own work before sign-off or handover.
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7
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Use of tools and machinery
|
10
|
| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- The range of hand tools (e.g. chisels, planes, saws) and power tools (e.g. routers, drills, jigsaws) used in joinery
- The proper uses of workshop machinery (e.g. table saws, bandsaws, thicknessers, joiners, spindle moulders and mortise machines)
- What each tool or machine is used for and how it contributes to specific tasks
- Limitations and best-use practices for each tool or machine
- Correct safety protocols for each tool and machine
- How to use personal protective equipment (PPE) relevant to tool/machine use
- How to set up, adjust, and calibrate equipment for accurate results
- How to read and set angles, fence positions, and cutting depths
- How to clean, store, and maintain tools and machinery for long-term performance
- The importance of keeping blades, cutters, and bits sharp and in good condition
- Signs of tool or machine faults (e.g. burning wood, vibration, misalignment)
- The basic steps to troubleshoot or escalate maintenance issues
- Which tools and machines are best suited to different materials (hardwoods, softwoods, manufactured boards)
- Workshop signage, emergency stop systems, and risk assessments.
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|
|
The individual shall be able to:
- Choose appropriate equipment based on material, joint type, and precision required
- Operate hand tools and machines with control, accuracy, and confidence
- Apply safe working methods and maintain awareness of hazards
- Prepare tools and machines to required settings (e.g. blade height, fence position)
- Carry out trial cuts and checks before final operation
- Produce clean cuts, smooth finishes, and consistent dimensions using the correct equipment
- Avoid tool marks, burning, or chipping by using equipment properly
- Regularly sharpen and hone hand tools for optimal performance
- Clean and lubricate machinery as part of routine maintenance
- Check equipment for damage or wear before use
- Report faults or unsafe equipment to supervisors or maintenance teams
- Learn and apply new equipment or tool technologies as introduced in the workshop
- Stay current with best practices in tool use and machine operations
- Plan tool use to minimise time wasted on adjustments or changeovers
- Keep tools clean, sorted, and accessible during all phases of each job.
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8
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Assembly and installation
|
15
|
| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- The importance of pre-checking components before assembly (e.g. size, squareness, surface quality)
- The correct sequence of assembly for different types of joinery products.
- Dry-fitting techniques to test joints and alignments
- The use of mechanical fixings (e.g. screws, nails, dowels) and non-mechanical fixings (e.g. adhesives, biscuits)
- The correct application and curing times for adhesives used in assembly.
- How to handle finished components to avoid damage
- Appropriate storage methods to keep parts safe and clean before installation
- Common hardware (e.g. hinges, handles, brackets) and their installation requirements
- How to achieve tight but functional fits between components, especially doors, drawers, and panels
- The impact of environment (e.g. humidity, temperature) on fit and alignment
- How to assess site conditions (e.g. wall types, levels, access constraints)
- What tools, materials, and fixings are needed for specific installation environments
- Health and safety responsibilities during installation (e.g. manual handling, working at height)
- Building regulations or codes that may apply to installed joinery (e.g. fire ratings, accessibility).
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|
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The individual shall be able to:
- Check and verify that all components are dimensionally correct and ready for fitting
- Remove sharp edges, label parts if necessary, and lay out components logically
- Use clamps, jigs, and guides to assemble components squarely and securely
- Apply adhesives and fixings, allowing sufficient curing time where needed
- Fit hinges, locks, handles, catches, and other hardware with precision and alignment
- Use templates or jigs for consistent spacing and location of fittings
- Mask or cover finished parts during handling or transport to avoid damage
- Handle components with care during movement and installation
- Test assembled units for squareness, flush surfaces, smooth operation (e.g. opening and closing doors or drawers)
- Make adjustments for alignment, clearances, and secure fixing
- Pack and label components for transport, ensuring all items required are included
- Keep the assembly and installation area tidy to avoid damage or confusion
- Dispose of waste materials and off-cuts appropriately
- Respond to unforeseen issues on-site and adapt plans where necessary.
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9
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Surface preparation and finishing
|
10
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| |
The individual needs to know and understand:
- That sanding is essential for preparing timber and board surfaces for finishing
- How proper sanding improves finish adhesion, smoothness, and overall appearance
- The different types of sandpaper (e.g. aluminium oxide, silicon carbide) and their uses
- The appropriate grits for each stage of sanding (e.g. coarse for shaping, fine for finishing)
- The differences between sandpaper, sanding pads, and sanding sponges
- How to sequence sanding (e.g. 80 → 100 → 120 → 150 → 180 → 240) for optimal results
- That skipping grits can leave visible scratches or uneven finishes
- Use hand sanding (e.g. detailed or curved areas) instead of machine sanding (e.g. flat panels)
- Types of machines: orbital sander, belt sander, detail sander, etc.
- The importance of sanding with the grain to avoid scratches and swirl marks
- How to spot surface flaws before and after sanding (e.g. glue marks, dents, uneven grain)
- How sanding reveals or hides surface defects
- How dust affects finish adhesion and quality
- The importance of cleaning surfaces after sanding using vacuums, brushes, or tack cloths
- How different woods react to sanding (e.g. softwoods may gouge easily, hardwoods may burn if over-sanded)
- How sanding affects veneered surfaces or edges: the risk of sanding through
- The risks of dust inhalation and the need for dust extraction systems and PPE
- Safe handling of sanding machines and materials.
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The individual shall be able to:
- Choose appropriate grit and sandpaper type based on the job and material
- Replace worn abrasives to maintain sanding efficiency and quality
- Sand all surfaces evenly without over-sanding or leaving low spots
- Maintain consistent pressure and movement during sanding
- Operate sanding machines safely and efficiently
- Switch between hand and machine sanding as needed for the shape and detail of the workpiece
- Begin with the correct starting grit and move through progressively finer grits
- Avoid skipping grits that could leave scratch patterns visible in the final finish
- Sand always in the direction of the wood grain for a smooth, professional result
- Correct any cross-grain marks before applying finishes
- Remove all dust and debris after sanding using vacuuming, brushing, and tack cloths
- Ensure surfaces are smooth, clean, and ready for finish application (e.g. varnish, stain, paint)
- Check for imperfections after each sanding stage and correct them before proceeding
- Perform final tactile and visual inspections before applying the finish
- Wear dust masks, eye protection, and hearing protection when using power sanders
- Ensure dust extraction systems are used and maintained correctly.
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Total
|
100 |
References for industry consultation
General notes
WorldSkills is committed to ensuring that the WorldSkills Occupational Standards fully reflect the dynamism of internationally recognized best practice in industry and business. To do this WorldSkills approaches a number of organizations across the world that can offer feedback on the draft Description of the Associated Role and WorldSkills Occupational Standards on a two-yearly cycle.
In parallel to this, WSI consults three international occupational classifications and databases:
References
Last updated: 18.09.2025 16:39 (GMT)
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